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The current economic crisis is accompa= nied by the marked fall in consumer demand that leads to restriction of surplus production, cutting unnecessary jobs, firing of redundant employees and increasing of unemployment. Because of the unemployment many people feel la= ck of money to meet their everyday needs and just the loss of regular earnings leads many people to undesirable wasteful, injudicious and irresponsible indebtedness and overindebtedness. This overindebtedness in conjunction with continuing unemployment consequently negatively influences= the labour market, because it usually leads to illegal employment and many other unfavourable effects. The paper analyses the obvious connection between unemployment and overindebtedness in the context of the current econom= ic crisis, especially causes and impacts of unemployment and overindebtedness, groups of people the most endangered by unemployment= and overindebtedness as well as ways of prevention and solving problems of unemployment and= overindebtedness. The paper is written on the basis of available literature and authors’ knowledge and experience.
Economic Crisis, Unemployment, Labour = Market, Indebtedness, Overindebtedness.
The current economic crisis, that is a= ccompanied by the marked fall in consumer demand and difficulties in acquiring financial means for necessary investments and everyday operations, leads em= ployers to make radical organizational changes, restrict surplus production and sea= rch possible economies. In this case, many employers cut unnecessary jobs and fire redun= dant employees which of course increase unemployment. In this situation, many re= dundant employees are not able to find another job not only because there is general lack of available jobs on the labour market, but mainly because there = is discrepancy between requirements of employers and expectations of employees= . Due to low education, poor qualification, week motivation, insufficient mobility and reduced flexibility on the labour market, many redundant employees join= the long-term unemployed.
For many people, the long-term unemplo= yment (unemployment for more than twelve months) means above all the lack of mone= y to meet their everyday needs. The necessity to pay for common and extra household expenses (housing, clothing, food, electric, gas, water, televisi= on, internet, phone, car maintenance, medical care, education, entertainment, l= uxuries, credit accounts, loans, savings, insurance and others) leads many people to undesirable wasteful, injudicious and irresponsible indebtedness and result= ing overindebtedness. This overindebtedness in conjunction with persisting long-term unemployment consequently negatively influences the labour market, because = it usually leads to illegal employment and many other unfavourable effects for the society and illegally employed people (dissimilar conditions of employment and business, ineffectiveness of the state employment policy, di= sobedience to law, minimum legal protection, criminality, loss of qualification, = loss of work habits, mental problems, health problems, social exclusion and = ;others). It is necessary to prevent all these problems connected with unem= ployment and overindebtedness.
The goal of the paper is to analyse the obvious connection between unemployment and overindebtedness in t= he context of the current economic crisis, especially causes and impacts = of unemployment and overindebtedness, groups of people the most endangered by unemploy= ment and overindebtedness as well as ways of prevention and solving problem= s of unemployment and overindebtedness. The paper is written on the basis of available literature and authors’ knowledge and experience.
Unemployment is a fundamental qualitative characteristic of the existence and= effectiveness of the market economy. It means a stable disequilibrium between labour supp= ly (employees willingness to work at each given wage rate) and labour demand (employers w= illingness to employ labour at each given wage rate) on the labour market in the sense of a surplus of labour supply over labour demand. In the statist= ics, unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate, which is defined as the number of unemployed devided by the&= nbsp;available labour force (the number of employed and self-employed plus the number of une= mployed). The unemployed are those who a= re out of work but want to work, are actively looking for work and are available to start work.
According to the causes of unemployment, there are usually distinguished followi= ng types of unemployment on the labour market:
a)&n=
bsp;
b)&n=
bsp;
c)&n=
bsp;
d)&n=
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According to the period of unemployment, there are usually distinguished short-term unemployment, for a few weeks or months and long-term unemployment, for more than twelve months (according to EUROSTAT).
Unemployment (especially long-term str= uctural and cyclical unemployment) accompanied by low education, poor qualification, week motivation, insufficient mobility and reduced flexibili= ty on the labour market, is a main cause of undesirable wasteful, injudicious and= irresponsible indebtedness and resulting ove= rindebtedness of many people.
Overindebtedness is a serious problem for people who get into debt (often wastefu= lly, injudiciously and irresponsibly) and consequently have not enough money or property left = to repay their debt. They usually try to get out of debt by borrowing extra money fr= om various lenders (relatives, friends, banks, financial institutions and others), but= this only increases their debt and they fall into the debt trap.
The problem of undesirable wasteful, injudicious and irresponsible indebtedness and resulting overindebtedness i= s a necessary concomitant of modern lifestyle. At the present time of seemingly unlimited opportunities and possibilities, live on credit and borrow money from banks or finance companies for&nbs= p;anything (from dream houses and practical household appliances over necessary cars a= nd longed-for holidays to style consumer electronics and other more or less important goods and services of short-term and long-term consumption) is quite normal and many people get used to this way of life typical of advanced mar= ket economies. To many people, buying on credit is an easy way to immediately change the standard of living. But living on credit may lead to seriou= s problems, especially if debtors are not able to repay their debt. In this case, = debtors take a risk of permanent indebtedness and overindebtedness.
Indebtedness and overindebtedness may = raise other problems. The inability and failure to repay debts may result in sale or execution of assets. The inability and failure to pay for= housing and utilities may result in eviction. The lack of money to pay for common a= nd extra household expenses may result in a drop in the standard of living. A desper= ate effort to overcome existing problems may result in a desperate decisio= n such as borrowing easy money. Sooner or later, people find themselves heavily in debt. The difficulty may lead people to dependency and crime. People lose t= heir jobs, family and friends, find themselves outside the society, in a state of social exclusion and material need. Those people are dependent on the = state assistance and social benefits. But if people do not make an effort to = ;earn enough money by working, this help will never be effective. People who get = into debt must do their best to find and keep a suitable job to earn enough money to get out of debt and to earn enough money for living.
However, for many people (especially f= or long-term unemployed people) it is not easy to find and keep a suitable job because of their low education, poor qualification, week motivation, insufficient mobi= lity and reduced flexibility on the labour market. If people are not able to&nbs= p;find and keep a suitable job to earn enough money for living (to pay for common = and extra household expenses such as housing, clothing, food, electric, gas, wa= ter, television, internet, phone, car maintenance, medical care, education, entertainment, luxuries, credit accounts, loans, savings, insurance and oth= ers), they tend to earn money through illegal employment, especially if they are overindebted. Overindebted people frequently keep away from legal employmen= t for possible execution of wages or salaries. They prefer to live on social= benefits and earn extra money through illegal employment.
Overindebtedness (especially in conjun= ction with persisting long-term unemployment) negatively influences the labour ma= rket and leads to illegal employment and many other unfavourable effects for the society and illegally employed peop= le (dissimilar conditions of employment and business, ineffectivenes= s of the state employment policy, disobedience to law, minimum legal protec= tion, criminality, loss of qualification, loss of work habits, mental proble= ms, health problems, social exclusion and others). It is necessary to prevent all these problems connected with unemployment and overindebtedne= ss
In view of above mentioned facts and circumstances, unemployment (especially long-term unemployment) accompanied= by impossibility, inability and unwillingness to find another job is a main cause of ove= rindebtedness and simultaneously overindebtedness in conjunction with unemploym= ent (especially long-term unemployment) negatively influences the labour market= and leads to illegal employment and many other unfavourable effects. To&nb= sp;successfully prevent and solve problems of unemployment and overindebtedness, = it is necessary to identify groups of people endangered by unemployment and overindebtedness. In this context, among the most endangered by unemployment and overindebtedness belong:&= nbsp;
It is important to pay special attenti= on to all mentioned groups of people while preventing and solving problems of unemployment and overindebtedness.
Prevention and solving problems of unemployment and overindebtedness must be based on personal responsibility of people endangered by unemployment and overindebtedness. Everyone must be led to personal responsibility for one’s own decision making and behaviour that includes both finding a = job to earn money for living and getting into debt to improve the standard of living. To be responsible for their own decision making and behaviour, peop= le need appropriate knowledge, skills and other abilities. Accordingly, prevention = and solving problems of unemployment and overindebtedness must be based on systematic lifelong learning of k= nowledge, skills and other abilities needed for successful life and work in the&= nbsp;society, including necessary employment and financial literacy. The systematic lifelong learning must be peculiar t= o both people endangered by unemployment and overindebtedness and employ= ees of institutions a organizations responsible for prevention and solving problems of unemployment and overindebtedness (civil servants, social worke= rs, consultants, volunteers, policemen, judges, lawyers, executors, teachers, trainers and others). Prevention and solving economic and social problems of unemploymen= t is the target of the state employment policy, which is a part of the social safety net and include= s:
Above mentioned measures and instrumen= ts of passive and active employment policy are ensured and enforced by labour offices, which should also= be more active in prevention and solving economic and social problems of overi= ndebtedness.
Presently, the services of social workers, civil consulting centres and other non profit-making organizations play a leading role in prevention and solving economic and social prob= lems of overindebtedness. The services include above all financial counsell= ing and financial literacy courses for general public. They improve financial literacy of people imme= diately or potentially endangered by undesirable wasteful, injudicious and irresponsible indebtedness and resulting overindebtedness. It is necessary = to lead people to personal responsibility for their debt and educate them to g= et into debt reasonably, advisedly and responsibly.
Unemployment accompanied by econo= mic recession, general lack of available jobs and low education, poor qualification, week motivation, insufficient mobility and reduced flexibili= ty on the labour market is a main cause of undesirable wasteful, injudicious and irresponsible indebtedness and resulting overindebtedness of many people. Simultaneously, undesirable wasteful, injudicious and irresponsible indebtedness and overindebtedn= ess in conjunction with unemployment negatively influences the labour mark= et and leads to illegal employment and many other unfavourable effects for the society and illegally employed people (dissimilar conditions of employment = and business, ineffectiveness of the state employment policy, disobedience to l= aw, minimum legal protection, criminality, loss of qualification, loss of work habits, mental problems, health problems, social exclusion and others).
To successfully prevent and solve prob= lems of unemployment and overindebtedness, it is necessary to identi= fy people endangered by unemployment and overindebtedness. Among the most endangered by unemployment and overindebtedness belong people= of pre-retirement age, people of middle and lower social class, people with low education and poor qualification, people with insufficient mobility and red= uced flexibility, people long-term unemployed who are tired of finding another j= ob, people dependent on social benefits who used to be unemployed, people stricken with illness and afflicted with physical disability, people with low earnin= gs and high living costs, people with problems in personal and family life, pe= ople affected by bad family and social behaviour patterns, people who tend to bo= rrow easy money and financially illiterate.
Prevention and solving problems of unemployment and overindebtedness must be based on personal responsibi= lity of people endangered by unemployment and overindebtedness. People must be l= ed to personal responsibility for their own decision making and behaviour that includes both finding a job to earn money for living and getting into debt = to improve the standard of living. People must be educated to find and ke= ep a suitable job and to get into debt reasonably, advisedly and responsibl= y. Accordingly, prevention and solving problems of unemployment and overindebtedness must be based on systematic lifelong learning of knowledge, skills and other abilit= ies necessary for successful life and work in the society, including necessary = employment and financial literacy.
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[1] Department of Personnel Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague, Winston Churchill Sg. 4, 1= 30 67 Prague 3, Czech Republic, nemeco@vse.cz
[2] Department of Personnel Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague, Winston Churchill Sg. 4, 1= 30 67 Prague 3, Czech Republic, sikyrm@vse.cz